Operation of the SurfaceC-800 is simple and convenient. The temperature of the SurfaceC-800 is set up to defined temperature up to 1000 °C. After entering the sample surface size in the PC, the sample is placed in a quartz boat. In the following the analysis can be started and the sample boat is pushed from the open end of the combustion tube into the hot zone of the furnace.

The combustion gas is led through a copper oxide catalyst and the formed CO2 is determined by the infrared cells. All data processing, control of the combustion process and calculating of the result is done by an external PC. The CO2 determination only takes about 60 up to 90 seconds.

Operation of the CW-800M is simple and convenient. After weighing the sample in a quartz boat, it is placed on the loading mechanism of the furnace. In the following, the analysis can be started and the boat is introduced into the furnace by the user. Depending on a user defined program, different temperatures and carrier gases are applied to the sample. While processing this program, the released CO2 and water is determined by the infrared cells. The received “chromatogram” of the sample subsequently shows different fractions of carbon and water of the sample. All data processing, control of the combustion process and calculating of the result is done by an external PC. The duration of the measurement depends on the length of the user defined steps. A common analysis takes about up to 20 minutes.

Operation of the CW-800 analyzer is simple and convenient. The temperature of the CW-800 is set up to defined temperature up to 1000°C. After weighing the sample in a quartz boat, it is placed on the loading mechanism of the furnace. In the following, the analysis can be started and the boat is introduced into the furnace by the user. Depending on the applied temperature, residual or crystallization water and CO2 (from CaCO3) is released from the sample and determined by the infrared cells.

All data processing, control of the combustion process and calculating of the result is done by an external PC. The simultaneous determination of carbon dioxide and water only takes about 2 to 3 minutes.

In the CHS-580A analyzers the sample is burnt in an oxygen atmosphere at temperatures of up to 1,550 °C. The furnace temperature can be freely selected in steps of 1 °C. The combustion gasses (CO2, H2O, SO2) coming from the furnace pass through a dust filter. After the water vapor is chemically absorbed, the dried CO2 and SO2 gas is detected in the additional infrared cells. Depending on the configuration, it is possible to combine up to four infrared cells with different sensitivities.

In the CS-580A elemental analyzers the sample is burnt in an oxygen atmosphere at temperatures of up to 1,550 °C. The furnace temperature can be freely selected in steps of 1 °C. The combustion gasses (CO2, H2O, SO2) coming from the furnace pass through a dust filter. After the water vapor is chemically absorbed, the dried CO2 and SO2 gas is detected in the additional infrared cells. Depending on the configuration, it is possible to combine up to four infrared cells with different sensitivities to measure carbon and sulfur concentrations.

In the elemental analyzer CHS-r the sample is burnt in an oxygen atmosphere at temperatures up to 1,550 °C. The furnace temperature can be freely selected in steps of 1 °C. The combustion gasses (CO2, H2O, SO2) coming from the furnace and first pass through a dust filter and then into the heated H2O infrared cell. After the water vapor is chemically absorbed, the dried CO2 and SO2 gas is detected in the additional infrared cells. Depending on the configuration, it is possible to combine up to three infrared cells with different sensitivities.

In the elemental analyzer CS-r the sample is burnt in an oxygen atmosphere at temperatures up to 1,550 °C. The furnace temperature can be freely selected in steps of 1 °C. The combustion gasses (CO2, H2O, SO2) coming from the furnace and pass through a dust filter. After the water vapor is chemically absorbed, the dried CO2 and SO2 gas is detected in the additional infrared cells. Depending on the configuration, it is possible to combine up to four (for C, S analyzers) infrared cells with different sensitivities.

Regardless of which furnace is used in the ELEMENTRAC CS-d, the carbon and sulfur in the sample forms gaseous molecules like SO2 and CO2 during combustion. The released amounts of CO2 and SO2 are measured in up to 4 element-selective infrared cells. Usually, two IR cells are used for measuring one gas (CO2 or SO2) to ensure that both very low and very high concentrations are analyzed precise and correctly.

When the induction furnace of the CS-d is used, the carrier gas (oxygen) and the combustion products (CO2, traces of CO, and SO2) are first led through a metallic filter to remove all solid particles. Afterwards, a tube filled with magnesium perchlorate removes traces of water. The dried combustion gas then passes up to two infrared cells for sulfur (SO2) measurement. Afterwards, a heated catalyst (usually platinized silica) oxidizes the traces of carbon monoxide (CO) to CO2 and the SO2 molecules to SO3. The SO3 gas is absorbed by cellulose and the CO2 is measured in up to two element selective IR cells. Finally, the combustion gas is led to the exhaust and the ELEMENTS software calculates the resulting carbon and sulfur concentrations.

Whereas the induction furnace of the ELEMENTRAC CS-d is suitable for analyzing inorganic samples like steel, cast iron and ceramics, the resistance furnace is used for combustion of organic samples like coal, coke or soil. When a coal sample is combusted at temperatures of approx. 1350° C, CO2 and SO2 are released but usually no carbon monoxide (CO) is formed. The combustion gases of the resistance furnace first pass a ceramic filter for absorption of particles, followed by a glass tube with magnesium perchlorate.

After that the dried combustion gases pass the same path as those from the induction furnace. Usually, the catalyst furnace is switched off during usage of the resistance furnace because oxidation of CO is not required.

However, the risk of incomplete combustion and formation of carbon monoxide increases at lower temperatures (~600 °C); in such cases the catalyst furnace may be switched on.